The gender gap in New Zealand's high school examination results

A
The issue is the difference in pass rates between the sexes: at each level of the examination and across all school types, the difference is about 10 percentage points. Girls are doing better in every subject, and those in girls-only schools are taking top honours. The results are not a surprise: high school girls have been outperforming boys academically for more than a decade. It is an international phenomenon, and within Australia was the subject of much debate and controversy. Within New Zealand back in the 1980s, there was a concerted campaign, called ‘Girls Can Do Anything’, which was aimed at lifting girls’ participation rates, achievement levels and aspirations. This was so successful that the pendulum has now swung to the other extreme. Views differ on how worried people should be. After all, for much of history, girls were excluded from any form of education, and this new phenomenon could be seen as a temporary over-correction before the balance is righted.

B
However the New Zealand State Ministry of Education says it is taking the issue seriously. It is working with a reference group on boys’ education which has been set up, and it has commissioned an Australian academic to report on interventions that have been found to work for boys, drawing particularly on Australia’s experience. But some, such as former prison manager Celia Lashlie, the author of a book for parents of teenage boys, believe there is still resistance within the Education Ministry towards doing anything about the problem.

C
Education Ministry learning policy manager Steve Benson says that the ‘National Certificate in Educational Achievement’, or NCEA, as New Zealand’s high school exams are called, is useful to employers and to universities because it provides a fine-grained picture of pupils’ performance in every aspect of a subject, rather than just a pass or fail in an overall area. ‘In most parts of the curriculum, for example in maths, there isn’t really a gender gap. But literacy is a different matter. Even boys who are good at writing tend not to write so much. There’s actually a quantity issue.’

D
The discrepancy in reading and writing skills between males and females shows up as early as preschool, and the difference is clear by the time these children enter high school. Not being good at literacy was not such a problem in the old days when many students left school for manual jobs after Year 11. But nowadays many more stay on to higher education, and almost all jobs require literacy skills. Roger Moses, the headmaster of Wellington College, says that the written content of NCEA papers is more demanding than the previous system of secondary school qualifications in New Zealand, even in subjects such as statistics and accounting.

E
New Zealand 15-year-olds do very well in international reading tests, but beneath this average lies a wide variance, with New Zealand European girls most represented at the top and New Zealand Pacific Island boys at the bottom. Yet some European girls drop out, and some Pacific Island boys excel. In other words, the range in performance within each gender group is much greater than the gender differences. Ethnic differences, and differences in socio-economic status, may be more significant than the simple boy/girl explanation.

F
This makes the Education Ministry nervous about pushing solutions that emphasise stereotyped gender differences, rather than looking at under-achievement as a whole. Rob Burroughs, principal of Linwood High School in Christchurch, agrees. For three years his school ran separate boys’ classes to try to address the disparity in performance, before abandoning them. The research showed that the boys did better in their own class than in the co-educational environment. But when he looked at which teachers they had, and how well those teachers’ other classes did, it became clear that the difference was, instead, to do with the quality of instruction.

G
At Onslow College, Dr Stuart Martin would do away with the NCEA Level 1 exam if he could. He says that in Year 11, aged 15, boys are simply not mature enough to cope. ‘They tend to think that just passing is enough, and that it’s not necessary to work hard for a Merit or an Excellence grade. Often they are busy with other activities and part-time jobs. Boys’ competitive instinct tends to come out later in their schooling years, especially if there is money attached or other tangible rewards. By 17, boys are catching up academically with the girls, and by the end of Year 13, boys are again winning the top prizes.’

H
Boys in single-sex schools do better in NCEA across all exams, something economist Brian Easton reported after analysing data from the first year of NCEA’s implementation. He said the results were valid, even when socio-economic status was taken into account. Dr Paul Baker, head of Waitaki Boys’ High School in Oamaru, agrees. He thinks that although it is possible for all schools to do more to boost boys’ performance, it is easier in a boys’ school, where activities cannot be ‘captured by girls’.